Part I. Grammar and vocabulary

Please write down your answers in the spaces given below.

1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________5.________

6. ________ 7. ________ 8. ________ 9._______ 10.________

11.________ 12.________ 13.________ 14.________ 15.________

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36.________ 37.________ 38.________ 39.________ 40.________

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46.________ 47.________ 48.________ 49._______ 50.________

51.________ 52.________ 53.________ 54.________ 55.________

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66.________ 67.________ 68.________ 69._______ 70.________

71.________ 72.________ 73.________ 74.________ 75.________

1.Sometimes after 1990，the bottom dropped out of Sweden’s baby____. Between then and 1995，the birth rate fell sharply, from 2.1 to 1.6.

A. backlash B. binge C. consequence D. boom

2. With hundreds of works left behind, Picasso is regarded as a very_____artist.

A. profound B. productive C. prosperous D. plentiful

3. Some medical conditions can often cure themselves_____, without medical intervention.

A. deliberately B. spontaneously C. consciously D. intentionally

4. Some economists say that South Korea, while still deep in_____，feels confident in its economy to increase its reserves.

A. recovery B. reduction C. recession D. reception

5. More insurers are limiting the sale of property insurance in coastal areas and other regions _____natural disasters.

A. safe from B. despite C. prone to D. according to

6. The student was delighted to be offered a summer job _____.

A. that rewarded two dollars hourly B. that paid two dollars an hour

C. with two-dollar pay in an hour D. with a pay of two-dollar per hour

7. The brilliance of his satires was _____make even his victims laugh.

A. so as to B. so that C. such as to D. such that

8. Mr. White works with a chemicals import & export company, but he____for this industrial fair, since he is on leave.

A. has worked B. works C. has been working D. is working

9. In 1878 Frederick W. Taylor invented a concept called scientific management, ____of obtaining as much efficiency from workers and machines as possible.

A. it is a method B. a method which

C. called a method D. a method

10. Human cloning should be permitted____we treat cloned humans as individuals in their own right.

A. if only B. even if C. while D. only if

11. Last year he went to a tropical island where no one knew him and he didn’t have to do_____ lie on the beach.

A. all but B. anything but C. nothing but D. something but

12. The book was borrowed from the library. You____your children put dots and lines here and there.

A. wouldn’t have let B. needn’t have let

C. ought not to have let D. mustn’t have let

13. On no account____borrow money from my friends, and still less dependent on the favors of rich relatives.

A. would I...would I be B. I would...I would be

C. would I...I would be D. I would...would I be

14. Before the bridge was constructed, it was quite expensive for goods____from one side of the river to the other.

A. being carried B. having been carried

C. to be carried D. to have been carried

15. Experiments are to be commenced_____when the principal equipment is scheduled for completion.

A. since one year B. in one year C. three years ago D. during one year

16. In this way Spencer attempted to____his sociological individualism with his collective concept of the social organism.

A. rebuke B. reconcile C. rectify D. negotiate

17. The Englishman, finding that she was both pleasant to look at and interesting to talk to,____ completely.

A. abandoned B. subjected C. submitted D. surrendered

18. The new corporate leaders often fly to Washington to____with government officials on national policy.

A. consult B. confer C. closet D. consent

19. Do we know where to strike the balance between authority and freedom, between liberty and _____in feudal, religious societies?

A. analogy B. anchor C. anarchy D. anatomy

20. Daisy went round the bend when she heard that her husband had been____in Middle East.

A. assassinated B. massacred C. handicapped D. genocide

21. At that moment several shepherds appeared, leading between them the wretched figure of a man who was______from head to foot with mud and filth.

A. caked B. baked C. faked D. naked

22. Only those writers and artists who_____difficulties, who study and practise diligently, and who dare to explore new ground can scale the artistic heights.

A. dent B. deny C. deck D. defy

23. The old professor used to _____from his subject for a moment to tell his students a funny story.

A. digress B. digest C. divorce D. distribute

24. Sir Isaac Newton, an English mathematician and philosopher,_____the principle more than two hundred years ago.

A. laid out B. laid into C. laid down D. laid off

25. Ruth never raised her voice, always sounding gentle, even when administering a_____.

A. complaint B. rebuke C. lament D. refute

26. They did not even raise their eyes as she____from the buggy but Johnnie turned toward her, carelessly dragging off his hat.

A. dismayed B. dispersed C. dismounted D. distressed

27. A nuclear disaster, spread by winds and waters and fear, could well____the great and the small, the rich and the poor, the committed and the uncommitted alike.

A. engulf B. cover C. encircle D. forge

28. Against the uniform sheet of snow and the grayish winter sky the Italian villa_____up rather grimly.

A. displayed B. loomed C. protruded D. thrived

29. These fish excrete nitrates that develop plankton, the enemy of corals, for they make the sea water_____and block sunlight which is an essential ingredient for coral survival.

A. shaky B. husky C. risky D. murky

30. With parted lips and bated breath the audience hung upon his words, taking no note of time, _____in the ghastly fascinations of the tale.

A. rapt B. raft C. reck D. rank

31. Carefully_____centuries of dirt, the scientists uncovered a valuable old wall painting.

A. striving over B. stripping up C. stripping away D. stretching out

32. State governments provide employment and training services for workers, and compensation for those who are____out of work.

A. continuously B. permanently C. temporarily D. successively

33. Development economics embraces the whole_____from the poor primitive to modern industrial societies.

A. transaction B. stimulation C. transmission D. transition

34. At the time he was little known in the United States, at best considered one of the many_____ leaders in the Arab world.

A. fertile B. volatile C. docile D. mobile

35. About a decade ago, the U.S. Government_____most of the railroad passenger routes from private companies which were losing money on passenger service.

A. took up B. took over C. took after D. took out

36. Only after they have grown up and become more mature_____that the legacy left by their mothers is an important part of their lives.

A. have they realized B. they realized C. they realize D. do they realize

37. The legendary police detective appeared in the doorway, his hat_____ low over his face, his narrow eyes_____the room for any sign of trouble.

A. pulled...swept B. pulled...sweeping

C. pulling...sweeping D. had pulled...were sweeping

38. In 1866 a number of national unions formed the American Federation Labor_____.

A. Samuel Gompers was its leader B. which, under Samuel Gompers’ leadership

C. Samuel Gompers led it D. under the leadership of Samuel Gompers

39. Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi,_____.

A. the United States was given the Statue of Liberty by the people of France

B. the Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by the people of France

C. the people of France gave the Statue of Liberty to the United States

D. the French people presented the United States with a gift, the Statue of Liberty

40.______experimental studies of the aging process, psychologist Ross McFarland determined that people could work productively much longer than had previously been thought.

A. In that B. Through C. Since D. Into

41. In 1791 Quebec was divided into two sections, Upper Canada and Lower Canada, _____were ruled by elected assemblies.

A. they both B. both of them C. both of which D. in which both

42. Even after the Revolutionary War, American importers obtained merchandise from Britain because British merchants understood American tastes, offered attractive prices, and_____.

A. provided easy credit B. easy credit was provided

C. easy credit D. providing easy credit

43. Specialty stores, unlike department stores, handle only one line of merchandise_____ a limited number of closely related lines.

A. either B. but C. or D. instead

44. Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering_____out by illiterate assistants with no interests in whether an experiment turned out one way or another.

A. is carried B. may carry C. being carried D. be carried

45. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there____quite such a crowd of people there.

A. hadn’t been B. weren’t C. hasn’t been D. wouldn’t be

46. He was_____to take over the duties and responsibilities of his father from an early age.

A. damped B. deduced C. diminished D. destined

47. The shrewd attorney asked many_____questions of the witness in an attempt to elicit the truth.

A. futile B. superficial C. interesting D. probing

48. The philosopher Auguste Comte coined the term altruism to____unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

A. refute B. denote C. terminate D. lessen

49. Individuals may at various points in their lives experience discrimination in the allocation of resources either_____of being too old or too young.

A. at the risk B. to the point C. on the ground D. in the case

50. Despite his disappointing record this year, I _____feel he is the best man in our team.

A. nonetheless B. otherwise C. therefore D. moreover

51. Today we’ll discuss proposals_____the improvement of quality. All other proposals will be left to the next meeting.

A. similar to B. relevant to C. regarded as D. familiar with

52. One of Freud’s great_____into the human personality was the discovery of how it is influenced by unconscious processes.

A. convictions B. concepts C. insights D. instincts

53. The______of such IQ tests full of questions on American culture was not questioned at that time.

A. significance B. validity C. efficiency D. justification

54. Before it became involved in the Second World War, the United States held to a policy of neutrality, setting up legislation explicitly forbidding the sale of weapons to_____nations.

A. independent B. belligerent C. dependent D. arbitrary

55. The encouraging factor is that the____majority of people find the idea of change acceptable.

A. numerous B. most C. vast D. massive

56. The true story of the vanished airplane remains_____despite years of research.

A. elusive B. extensive C. exclusive D. decisive

57. During World War II, under the terms of the Lend-Lease Act passed by Congress in 1941, the U.S. would help those countries whose defense was_____vital to the defense of the U.S.

A. given B. conferred C. deemed D. taken

58. Originally, matches were narrow strips of wood whose tips were_____kerosene.

A. extracted from B. wrapped in C. polished with D. immersed in

59. It has been decided that,_____a tie (平局)，the winner will be decided by the toss of a coin.

A. in event of B. in the event of C. by event of D. by the event of

60. SDI is a system of computer-controlled defense using lasers and nuclear ballistic missiles in outer space to_____and destroy enemy missiles before they reach their targets.

A. intercept B. retort C. capture D. pull

61. Based on the two_____that everyone has to eat and that most people don’t grow their own food, I would conclude that most people patronize grocery stores.

A. conditions B. assumptions C. premises D. presumptions

62. He must ____the theory until it fully and reliably explains every part of the phenomenon.

A. revive B. revise C. revolt D. reverse

63. Scientists do not know why this animal became extinct. But some theories _____that changes in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible.

A. postpone B. predict C. illustrate D. presume

64. Sociology is concerned____people and _____the rules of behavior that structure the ways in which people interact.

A. with...about B. about...with C. with...with D. about...about

65. They usually go to Scotland for their summer vacation, but they would go to Cornwall this year,____a change.

A. by way of B. in a way C. in the way of D. by the way

66. A popular instrument, _____.

A. only a limited role has been available to the accordion in classical music

B. there is only a limited role for the accordion in classical music

C. classical music provides only a limited role for the accordion

D. the accordion (手风琴）has played only a limited role in classical music

67. The woman over there is none other than_____mother.

A. Julia’s and Mary’s B. Julia and Mary

C. Julia and Mary’s D. Julia’s and Mary

68. By bringing about a great leap in the speed and ease____information moves from place to place, the Internet has greatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological changes.

A. with which B. which C. to which D. by which

69. The very essence of civil liberty consists in the right of every individual to claim the protection of laws,____he receives an injury.

A. wherever B. whatever C. whenever D. whereas

70. In the distance could____the sleepy little village with its closely clustered adobe houses and red, clay-tile roofs.

A. see B. be seen C. be seeing D. have seen

71. Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events____to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.

A. and thus B. so C. however D. because

72. The decline of the mechanical player piano is attributed to the spread____piano music, but of all forms of music played by phonograph, radio, and television.

A. not B. not only of C. not to D. not only to

73.Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe____ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.

A. so that B. but that C. provided that D. in that

74. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ______ with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.

A. combined B. having combined C. being combined D. combine

75. More than half of those committing murder and violent assaults______ alcohol immediately before the crime.

A. have been consumed B. have consumed

C. has been consumed D. has consumed

Part II. Translate the following sentences:

Please write down your answers in the spaces given below.

1.Before the advent of computers which later enabled him to file the mass of information he had accumulated, he would visit libraries to copy, in pencil, 30-40 pages of background information at a time.

2. Passive as it is, television has invaded our culture so completely that the medium’s effects are evident in every quarter, even the literary world.

3.The MBA, a 20th-century product, always has borne the mark of lowly commerce and greed on the tree-lined campuses ruled by purer disciplines such as philosophy and literature.

4. The defeat of Japan in World War II resulted in educational changes, many of which were recommended in 1946 by a U.S. educational mission; some of these changes were discontinued when Japan regained sovereign status as a nation in 1952.

5.Despite the fact that some 60 weeks have been spent in actual conference sessions, the issues which have plagued the series of Law of the Sea meetings from the beginning have yet to be resolved.

6. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.

7. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail “hard thinking”，nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive (认识的，认知的） processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought.

8. Those companies that best perform to the expectations of consumers are left prosperous in the market, while their less efficient counterparts simply die out of the market, starved of the dollars of consumers who simply prefer not to buy their products.

9. The rocket engine, with its steady roar like that of a waterfall or a thunderstorm, is an impressive symbol of the new space age.

10. Human beings, not tightly programmed by instinct like lower animals, are charged with the seemingly overwhelming responsibility of making judgments and choosing between behaviors.

11. Just as some biological genes can regulate other genes, some of the software genes can switch other software genes on or off.

12. The main burden of assuring that the resources of the federal government are well managed falls on relatively few of the five million men and women whom it employs.

13. Among the hills is a great reservoir and right below it stands a large electro-power station which supplies hundreds of megawatts of electricity to far away places.

Part III Reading Comprehension

Please write down your answers in the spaces given below.

1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________5.________

6. ________ 7. ________ 8. ________ 9._______ 10.________

11.________ 12.________ 13.________ 14.________ 15.________

16.________ 17.________ 18.________ 19.________ 20.________

21.________ 22.________ 23.________ 24.________ 25.________

Passage 1

A man stood upon a railroad bridge in Northern Alabama, looking down into the swift waters twenty feet below. The man’s hands were behind his back, the wrists bound with a cord. A rope loosely encircled his neck. It was attached to a stout cross-timber above his head, and the slack fell to the level of his knees. Some loose boards laid upon the sleepers supporting the metals of the railway supplied a footing for him and his executioners---two private soldiers of the Federal army, directed by a sergeant, who in civil life may have been a deputy sheriff. At a short remove upon the same temporary platform was an officer in the uniform of his rank, armed. He was a captain. A sentinel (哨兵）at each end of the bridge stood with his rifle in the position known as “support”---a formal and unnatural position, enforcing an erect carriage of the body. It did not appear to be the duty of these two men to know what was occurring at the center of the bridge; they merely blockaded the two ends of the foot plank which traversed it.

The man who was engaged in being hanged was apparently about thirty-five years of age. He was a civilian, if one might judge from his dress, which was that of a planter. His features were good—a straight nose, firm mouth, broad forehead, from which his long, dark hair was combed straight back, falling behind his ears to the collar of his well-fitting frock coat. He wore a moustache and pointed beard, but no whiskers; his eyes were large and dark grey and had a kindly expression that one would hardly have expected in one whose neck was in the hemp (绞索). Evidently this was no vulgar assassin. The liberal military code makes provision for hanging many kinds of people, and gentlemen are not excluded.

Peyton Farquhar was a well-to-do planter, of an old and highly respected Alabama family. Being a slave-owner, and, like other slave-owners, a politician, he was naturally an original secessionist (美国南北战争时期主张脱离联邦者）and ardently devoted to the Southern cause. Circumstances had prevented him from taking service with the army that had fought the disastrous campaigns ending with the fall of Corinth, and he became irritated or impatient under the inglorious restraint, longing for the release of his energies, the larger life of the soldier, the opportunity for distinction. That opportunity, he felt, would come, as it comes to all in war time. Meanwhile, he did what he could. No service was too humble for him to perform in aid of the South, no adventure too dangerous for him to undertake if consistent with the character of a civilian who was at heart a soldier.

One evening while Farquhar and his wife were sitting near the entrance to his grounds, a grey-clad soldier rode up to the gate and asked for a drink of water, Mrs. Farquhar was only too happy to serve him with her own white hands. While she was gone to fetch the water, her husband approached the dusty horseman and inquired eagerly for news from the front. “The Yanks (北方佬）are repairing the railroads,” said the man, “and are getting ready for another advance. They have reached the Owl Creek bridge, put it in order, and built a stockade on the other bank. The commandant has issued an order, which is posted everywhere, declaring that any civilian caught interfering with the railroad, its bridges, tunnels, or trains, will be summarily hanged, I saw the order.，，

“How far is it to the Owl Creek bridge?” Farquhar asked. “ About thirty miles.”

“Is there no force on this side of the creek?”

“Only a picket post (警戒哨)half a mile out, on the railroad, and a single sentinel at this end of the bridge.”

“Suppose a man—a civilian and a student of hanging—should elude the picket post and perhaps get the better of the sentinel,” said Farquhar, smiling, “what could he accomplish?” The soldier reflected. “I was there a month ago,” he replied. “I observed that the flood of last winter had lodged a great quantity of driftwood against the wooden pier at the end of the bridge. It is now dry and would bum like tow.”

The lady had now brought the water, which the soldier drunk. He thanked her ceremoniously, bowed to her husband, and rode away. An hour later, after nightfall, he repassed the plantation, going northward in the direction from which he had come. He was a Yankee scout.

1. In the second paragraph, by commenting on the planter’s amiable physical appearance, the author suggests that_____.

A. he was innocent of any criminal intent

B. he seemed an unlikely candidate for execution

C. the sentinels had no need to fear an attempted escape

D. the eyes are the windows of the soul

2. The author’s tone in discussing “the liberal military code” in Paragraph 2 can best be described as____.

A. approving B. ironic C. regretful D. reverent

3. Peyton Farquhar would most likely consider which of the following a good example of how a citizen should behave in wartime?

A. He should use even underhanded methods to support his cause.

B. He should enlist in the army without delay.

C. He should avoid involving himself in disastrous campaigns.

D. He should concentrate on his duties as a planter.

4. From Farquhar’s exchange with the soldier, we can infer that Farquhar is most likely to _____.

A. sneak across the bridge to join the Confederate forces

B. attempt to bum down the bridge to halt the Yankee advance

C. remove the driftwood blocking the Confederates’ access to the bridge

D. undermine the pillars that support the railroad bridge

5. We may infer from the last paragraph that_____.

A. the soldier has deserted from the Southern army

B. the soldier has lost his sense of direction

C. the scout has been tempting Farquhar into an unwise action

D. Farquhar knew the soldier was a Yankee scout

Passage 2

The National Security Act of 1947 created a national military establishment headed by a single Secretary of Defense. The legislation had been a year-and-a half in the making—since President Truman first recommended that the armed services (海陆空军）be reorganized into a single department. During that period the President’s concept of a unified armed service was tom apart and put back together several times, the final measure to emerge from Congress being a compromise. Most of the opposition to the bill came from the navy and its numerous civilian spokesmen, including secretary of the Navy James Forrestal. In support of unification (and a separate air force that was part of the unification package) were the army air forces, and, most importantly, the President of the United States.

Passage of the bill did not bring an end to the bitter interservice (各不同兵种之间的）disputes. Rather than unify, the act served only to federate the military services. It neither halted the rapid demobilization (复员）of the armed forces that followed World War Two nor did it bring to the new national military establishment the loyalties of officers steeped (沉浸）in the traditions of the separate services. At a time when the balance of power in Europe and Asia was rapidly shifting, the services lacked any precise statement of United States foreign policy from the National Security Council on which to base future programs. The services argued unceasingly over their respective roles and missions, already complicated by the Soviet nuclear capability that for the first time made the United States subject to devastating attack. Not even the appointment of Forrestal as First Secretary of Defense relieved the suspicions of naval officers and their supporters that the role of the US Navy was threatened with permanent loss of brilliance and power. Before the war of words died down, Forrestal himself was driven to resignation and then suicide.

By 1948，the US military establishment was forced to make do with a budget approximately percent of what it had been at its wartime peak. Meanwhile, the cost of weapons obtaining was rising geometrically as the nation came to put more and more reliance on the atomic bomb and its delivery systems. These two factors inevitably made adversaries of (使变成对手）the navy and the air force as the battle between advocates of the B-36 and the supercarrier so amply demonstrates. Given severe fiscal restraints on the one hand, and on the other hand the nation’s increasing reliance on strategic nuclear deterrence, the conflict between these two services over roles and missions was essentially a contest over slices of an ever-diminishing pie.

Yet if in the end neither service was the obvious victor, the principle of civilian dominance over the military clearly was. If there had ever been any danger that the US military establishment might exploit, to the detriment of civilian control, the good-will it enjoyed as a result of its victories in World War Two, that danger would have disappeared in the interservice hatred caused by the battle over unification.

6. What is the author’s main purpose of writing this article?

A. To criticize a piece of legislation.

B. To discuss personal influence on political issues.

C. To analyze a military development.

D. To offer suggestions to manage the military.

7. From the passage, which of the following we may infer does the author agree on?

A. The unification legislation was necessitated by the drastic decline in appropriations for the military services.

B. Provided the unification was not a success, it had the unexpected result of ensuring civilian control of the military.

C. Unification was in the first place unwarranted, and in the second ineffective.

D. Despite the attempted unification, each service was still able to pursue its own objectives without interference from the other branches.

8. What is the author's purpose of mentioning of the resignation and suicide of Forrestal?

A. To state that the navy will sooner or later be a vital force.

B. To persuade the reader that Forrestal was a victim of political opportunists and an immoral press.

C. To suggest that the nation would be better served by a unified armed service under a single command.

D. To emphasize the bitterness of the interservice rivalry surrounding the passage of the National Security Act of 1947.

9. From the passage, which one of the following choices does President Truman support?

A. A separated navy.

B. Reduction of the military.

C. Unification of military services.

D. Elimination of the navy.

10. What attitude does the writer hold towards the passage of the National security Act of 1947 in general?

A. Negative. B. Neutral. C. Positive. D. Silent.

Passage 3

Although the study of women’s history has only been developed as an academic discipline in the last twenty years, it is not the case that the current wave of feminist activity is the first in which interest in women’s past was manifest. From its very beginnings, the nineteenth century English women’s movement sought to expand existing knowledge of the activities and achievements of women in the past. At the same time, like its American counterpart, the English women’s movement had a powerful sense of its own historic importance and of its relationship to wider social and political change.

Nowhere is this sense of the historical importance—and of the historical connections between the women’s movement and other social and political developments—more evident than in Ray Strachey’s classic account of the movement. ‘‘The true history of the Women’s Movement,” Strachey argues, “is the whole history of the nineteenth century.” The women’s movement was part of the broad sweep of liberal and progressive reform which was transforming society. Strachey emphasized this connection between the women’s movement and the broader sweep of history by highlighting the importance for it as the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. The protest made by the women’s movement at the confinement and injustices faced by women was, in Strachey’s view, part of the liberal attack on traditional prejudices and injustice. This critique of women’s confinement was supplemented by the demand for recognition of women’s role in the public, particularly the philanthropic (慈善事业的）realm. Indeed, it was the criticism of the limitations faced by women on the one hand, and their establishment of a new public role on the other hand, which provided the core of the movement, determining also its form: its organization around campaigns for legal, political and social reform.

Before Strachey’s illuminating study, numerous forerunners of feminism devoted their great effort in this great movement with a noble aim.

Strachey’s analysis was a very illuminating one, nowhere more so than in her insistence that, despite their differences and even antipathy (反感)，both the radical Mary Wollstonecraft and evangelical (夺§音教会的）Hannah More need to be seen as forerunners of the mid-Victorian feminism. At the same time, she omitted some issues which now seem crucial to any discussion of the context of Victorian feminism. Where Strachey pictured a relatively fixed image of domestic women throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, recent historical and literary works suggest that this image was both complex and unstable. The establishment of a separate domestic sphere for women was accompanied by both anxiety and uncertainty and by the constant articulation of women’s duty in a new social world.

11. The author’s opinion concerning the feminist movement is that of____.

A. sincere dissatisfaction

B. deep regret

C. enthusiastic approval

D. criticism

12. In the second paragraph, the author cites the research by Strachey to indicate that____.

A. the women’s movement is of significance to overall social developments

B. the research has some drawbacks which may well lead to misconceptions

C. Strachey is insightful in writing the classic on women's movement

D. women’s movement has a long history for retrospection

13. From the last paragraph, what can be learnt about Hannah More and Mary Wollstonecraft?

A. They were good friends in the women’s movement.

B. The two had different opinions concerning the movement.

C. The two knew each other long time ago.

D. The two led different groups of women in the movement.

14. This passage is most probably taken from_____.

A. an introduction to women’s familial roles

B. a preface to a book on women’ movement

C. a report concerning women’s movement

D. a biography of a famous feminist advocate

15. How does the author introduce Ray Strachey in the passage?

A. The author compares Strachey，s opinion with Wollstonecraffs and More's.

B. The author points out the shortcomings of Strachey’s work and then tries to correct them.

C. The author compares Strachey’s work with that of some feminism forerunners.

D. The author first praises Strachey's work as illuminating and important and then points out some of its shortcomings.

Passage 4

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into historical problems, how one presents and documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.

Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, and leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. History once was primarily narrative, yet it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?” | and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among ； the methods used to answer the questions “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.

Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment I precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends (超越）history.

It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet (原则）of historical method that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event, and that other explanations fall short of the truth.

Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates (同化）all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.

16. Which of the following statements is the main point of the passage?

A. Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.

B. Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.

C. The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is now fashionable even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

D. The psychological assessment of an individual’s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.

17. Which of the following statements is mentioned as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians? A. Past and current events are placed within the same deterministic schema.

B. The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.

C. Analysis is focused on group behavior rather than on particular events in an individual’s life.

D. Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.

18. The author of the passage puts the word “deepest” (the last line of Paragraph 3) in quotation marks most likely in order to_____.

A. draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorian’s method

B. signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistarians，claims for their work

C. emphasize the main difference between the traditional historians，method and that of psychohistorians

D. question the usefulness of psychohistorians，insights into traditional historical scholarship

19. It can be inferred from the passage that the methods used by psychohistorians prevent them from____.

A. presenting their material in chronological order

B. offering a consistent interpretation of the impact of personality on historical events

C. producing a one-sided picture of an individual’s personality and motivations

D. uncovering alternative explanations that might cause them to question their own conclusions

20. Which of the following statements can be viewed as one way in which traditional history can be distinguished from psychohistory?

A. Traditional history views past events as complex and having their own individuality.

B. Traditional history relies on a single interpretation of human behavior to explain historical events.

C. Traditional history interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature is transcended.

D. Traditional history relies strictly on data that are concrete and quantifiable.

Passage 5

There are a variety of ways to think about the self. Two of the most widely used terms are self- concept and self-esteem. Self-concept generally refers to the totality of a complex, organized, and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that people hold about themselves, while self-esteem generally refers to how we feel about or how we value ourselves. There is a great deal of research which shows that the self-concept is, perhaps, the basis for all motivated behavior. It is the self-concept that gives rise to possible selves, and it is possible selves that create the motivation for behavior. Self-concept is related to self-esteem in that people who have good self-esteem have a clearly differentiated self-concept. When people know themselves, they can maximize outcomes because they know what they can and cannot do. It would seem that one way to impact self-esteem is to obey the somewhat outworn chiche of “Know thyself.，，

There are several different components of self-concept: physical, academic, social, and transpersonal. The physical aspect of self-concept relates to that which is concrete: what we look like, our sex, height, and what kind of clothes we wear. Our academic self-concept relates to how well we do in school or how well we learn. The social self-concept describes how we relate to other people and the transpersonal self-concept describes how we relate to the supernatural or unknown on an emotional or spiritual level.

Through self-reflection, people often come to view themselves in a new, more powerful way, and it is through this new, more powerful way of viewing the self that people can develop possible selves. We develop and maintain our self-concept by taking action and then reflecting on what we have done and what others tell us about what we have done. We reflect in comparison to our expectations and the expectations of others and to the characteristics and accomplishments of others. Self-concept, thus, is not innate, but is developed by the individual through interaction with the environment and reflecting on that interaction. This dynamic aspect of self-concept is important because it indicates that it can be modified or changed.

21. It can be inferred from the passage that______ .

A. the author believes most behavior is learned, not innate

B. the author doesn’t believe that one’s self-concept can change

C. self-concept and self-esteem are often mistaken for each other

D. the author has doubts about the idea that self-concept is the basis for behavior

22. The author’s attitude towards the idea of “Know thyself’ is____.

A. critical B. positive

C. neutral D. mixed

23. One can conclude from the passage that by developing good self-esteem people can______.

A. improve their interactions immensely

B. begin improving their behavior

C. begin to develop a clear self-concept

D. correct deficiencies in their character

24. Which of the following would be identified as transpersonal self-concept?

A. Our concept of how interested and well we study supernatural topics.

B. Our knowledge of our strange intuition about people’s feelings.

C. Our understanding of how we relate to a religion we believe in.

D. Our ability to explain odd and supernatural events.

25. The most appropriate title for the passage would be_____.

A. The Characteristics of Self-Concept

B. The Changeability of Self-Concept

C. Self-Concept and Self-Esteem

D. New Research on Self-Concept