I. Grammar

1.While

categories

(1) during the time that sth is happening

(2) at the same time as sth is happening

(3) as long as

(4) used to contrast two things

Examples:

1. While students are going through an identity crisis, they are becoming independent from their parents yet are probably still very dependent on them. (para. 3)

2. …while my world was expanding and new options were opening for me, my father was seeing his world shrink and his options narrow.

3. While he was at it, he dicided, he might as well mop the floor. (para. 47, Unit 2, Book 2)

4. …while we breathe, we hope… (para, Unit 15, Book 2)

5. While my grandfather is something of a computer expert, my grandmother is a computer illiterate.

6. Make hay while the sun shines.

7. I was stunned, as though he’d awakened me while I was dreaming.

8. While you’re at college, take advantage of any opportunity coming your way.

9. A child who misbehaves is sent to bed without dinner, while obedience is rewared with candy or ice cream.

10. While there is life, there is hope.

2.Parallelisms

words (para. 2): strengths and weaknesses

phrases (para. 2): determined by genetic endowment; shaped by environment; influenced by chance events

sentences (para. 1): 3 consecutive questions

II．Writing Features

Techniques in Paragraph Development

(1) Development:

quotation: in…(source); according to

categorization: first, second, …; one…another…; in addition to…

illustration/example

(2) Smooth transition

Try to find some examples in the text.

How is the text structured?

(1) Clarity

(2) Logic

(3) Coherence (smooth transition of both paragraphs and sentences)