Part 1 Vocabulary

Directions: Choose the answer that can best complete the sentence.

1. In many cases, the formerly _____origins of diseases have now been identified through modern scientific techniques.

A. Insightful

B. mysterious

C.ominous

D.distinct

2. Larger numbers of roe deer live near there and Czechoslovakia still has bears and wolves _____in the wild.

A. chucking

B.rustling

C.roaming

D.giggling

3.Industrial labor was at last being_____,water supplies purified, hospitals sanitized, and prisons reformed

A. registered

B. reversed

C. revised

D. regulated

4. The noise turned out to be just the cat _____at the door last night, so you needn't worry anymore.

A. screwing

B. scratching

C. scrubbing

D. scraping

5. Tom wants to be a lawyer because he feels it is a very prestigious _____, and he has always wanted to hold a high position in society.

A. Enterprise

B. career

C. professional

D. occupation

6. We began to wonder about other sources of light that might be _____to the extreme hydrothermal vent environment.

A. Special

B. especial

C. peculiar

D. particular

7. Stars are composed of _____hot gases and derive their energy from unclear reaction occurring in their interiors.

A. Intense

B. uniformly

C. perpetually

D. redundantly

8. The only sound now was their feet_____through the shore grass, coarse and hard from countless tides of salt water.

A. Haunting

B. rustling

C. uttering

D. roaming

9. Collette_____ herself into her room and began to pack frantically, wanting to cry with rage and shame.

A. engaged

B. addicted

C. flung

D. filtered

10. The _____reviews that his latest recording received were dismissed by his fans, who believe that everything he performs is a triumph of artistic creativity.

A. unflattering

B. hailed

C. regretted

D. aspiring

Part II Correctness and Effectiveness of Expression

Directions: Choose the answer that can replace the underlined part.

I.Wildly unscientific medical remedies, such as dosing people with mummy powder,were employedfor centuries, and they showed no sign of doing the patients any good.

A centuries, but they showed

B. centuries that showed

C. centuries, however, they showed

D. centuries though they showed

2.When trying to distinguish alligators from crocodiles,the alligator has the broader snout

A. When trying to distinguish alligators from crocodiles. remember that

B In an attempt to distinguish alligators from crocodiles

C. While trying to distinguish alligators from crocodiles, however,

D. When trying to distinguish gators from crocodiles, it is true thatr

3. There are a long list of of causes of air pollution , ranging from automobile exhaust to methane emissions from livestock

A. There is a long list of causes of air pollution

B. There were a long list of things causing air pollution

C. There are a lengthy list of causes of air pollution

D. There have been a long list of causes of air pollution

4. When he arrived at the hospital, the doctor found that several emergency cases were admitted beforehe went on duty

A two emergency cases were being admitted before

B. there were several emergency cases admitted prior to

C. several emergency cases had been admitted before

D a couple of emergency cases were admitted

5. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary, published in 1755, was neither the first in English, nor was it the largest, but its quotations illustrating definitions made it the best for many decades

A. neither was it the first in English nor the largest

B. was neither the first in English nor the largest

C. neither was the first in English nor the largest

D. neither was the first in English, and it was not the largest either

Part III Reading Comprehension

Directions: Read the following two passages and choose the answer that can best answer the question.

Passage 1

The strong efforts to gain equality for women in the scientific workplace began to show results in the last quarter of the 20th century; women have secured positions as research scientists and won recognition and promotion within their fields. Though the modern struggle for equality in scientific fields is the same in many ways as it was in the early part of the century, it is also different. The women who first began undertaking careers in science had little support from any part of the society in which they lived. This vanguard had to struggle alone against the social conditioning they had received as women members of that society and against the male-dominated scientific community.

Women scientific researchers made a seemingly auspicious beginning. In the first quarter of the 20th century, some women scientists who engaged in research worked at the most prestigious institutes of the period and enjoyed more career mobility than women researchers would experience again for several decades. Florence Sabin, an anatomist at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research noted for her research on the lymphatic system, is one important example. This encouraging beginning, however, was not to be followed by other successes for many decades. To have maintained an active role in research institutions, women would have had to share some of the decision-making power: they needed to be part of hiring, promotion, and funding decisions.Unfortunately, these early women scientists were excluded from the power structure of scientific research. As a result, they found it almost impossible to provide opportunities for a younger set of female colleagues seeking employment in a research setting, to foster their productivity and facilitate their career mobility, and eventually to allow them access to the top ranks.

Even those with very high professional aspirations accepted subordinate status as assistants if doing so seemed necessary to gain access to research positions-and too often these were the only positions offered them in their chosen careers. Time and again they pulled back from offering any real resistance or challenge to the organizational structure that barred their advancement. But we must remember that these women scientists were few in number, their participation in decision making clout was minimal. Thus they could easily become highly visible targets for elimination from the staff, especially if their behavior was judged in the least imprudent.

Women's awareness that they were unequal colleagues, included in professional setting only on the sufferance of male colleagues, who held the positions of power, conflicted with their belief in meritocracy. They wanted to believe that achieving persons would be welcomed for their abilities and contributions. Yet they were surrounded by evidence to the contrary. An assistant professor of zoology observed that the men who were heads of departments were insistent on having other men in the department and they told her that women ought to be satisfied teaching high school.She relates that, during her ten years in the department, men were given at least six positions that she was qualified for and wanted desperately, but for which she was not even considered because she was a woman.

Passage 2

In 19th-century England, middle-class women were usually assigned domestic roles and faced severely limited professional career options, Of course, one can point to England's monarch, Queen Victoria, as a famous example of a woman at work, and millions of working-class women worked for wages in factories and private homes, on farms, and in stores and markets. But aristocrats were often exempt from societal strictures that bound the middle class, and working-class women were usually looked down on as not being"respectable" for their efforts as workers. As the 19th century progressed, it was assumed that a woman engaged in business was a woman without either her own inheritance or a man to support her. middle-class women already shared with upper-middle-class men the societal stumbling blocks to active pursuit of business, which included the feeling that labor was demeaning and not suitable for those with aspirations to gentility. But unlike a man, whose self-worth rose through his economic exertions, a woman who did likewise risked opprobrium for herself and possibly shame for those around her. Inequality in the working world made it exceedingly difficult for a middle-class woman to support herself on her own, let alone support dependents. Thus, at a time when occupation was becoming a core element in masculine identity, any position for middle-class women other than in relation to men was considered

Anomalous. In the 1851 census, the Registrar General introduced a new fifth class of workers, exclusively made up of women: The fifth class comprises large numbers of the population that have no occupation; but it requires no argument to prove that the wife, the mother, the mistress of an English family-fills offices and discharges duties of no ordinary importance; or that children are or should be occupied in filial or household duties, and in the task of education, either at home or at school.

This conception of women had been developing over a long period. For example, in the late 17th century, trade tokens used by local shopkeepers and small masters in family businesses carried the initials of the man's and the woman's first names and the couple's surname, but by the late 18th century, only the initials of the male proprietor were retained. This serves to confirm the view of one Victorian man, born in 1790, that whereas his mother had confidently joined in the family auctioneering business, the increased division of the sexes had seen the withdrawal of women from business life.

Marriage became, more than ever, the only career option offering economic prosperity for women; in business, women appear only as faint shadows behind the scenes. The absence of women in business and financial records makes our knowledge of what middle-class women actually did and how they survived economically quite fragmentary. What we do know is that women's ability to survive economically on their own became increasingly difficult in the course of the 19th century.

1. According to the whole passage, it is implied that"career mobility"means_____.

A. the freedom to work on projects that one is most interested in

B. the freedom to publish research findings no matter how controversial they are

C. the ability to obtain funding to travel to important professional meetings

D. the ability to advance in one's chosen field

2. The statement that women could be eliminated from their jobs if their behavior was"the least imprudent" in Paragraph 3 suggests that they_____.

A. were as critical of their colleagues as their colleagues were of them

B. were more likely than their male colleagues to be rebellious

C. were judged by a standard different from the one used to judge their male colleagues

D. could gain advancement if they avoided political confrontations about their rights as women

3. We can infer from the last paragraph that for the majority of women scientists, the "belief in meritocracy" was_____.

A. justified, considering the opportunities available to them

B. trend-setting in that their views soon received universal acceptance

C. inconsistent with the fact that they were discriminated against on the job

D. fortunate because it provided them with attainable goals

4. The example of the assistant professor of zoology in the last paragraph serves mainly to indicate_____.

A. the extent of male bias against women in scientific fields at a particular time

B. the early attempts of women to achieve a share of scientific awards

C. the inability of men and women to work together in an academic setting

D. the results of a woman's challenging male dominance in the early part of this century

5. Which of the following questions can NOT be explicitly answered on the basis of the passage?

A. What were the views of some women scientific researchers on the subject of meritocracy?

B. What specific steps were taken in the early part of the 20th century to help women gain equality in the scientific workplace?

C. What conditions did women scientists find it necessary to struggle against in the first quarter of the 20th century?

D. What changes in the organization of the scientific community would have enhanced the position of women scientists as the 20th century advanced?

6.The first paragraph suggests that for Victorian middle-class women; "self-worth" and"economic exertions"were thought to be_____.

A. constantly evolving

B. mutually exclusive

C. the two keys to success

D. easy to achieve

7. The author of the passage considers trade tokens as evidence against the prevalence of a fifth class in the 17th century because they_____.

A. were issued to both middle-class and working-class women

B. helped neutralize gender stereotypes of the day

C. identified men and women as partners in business

D. failed to identify women by their names and positions

8. All of the following are referred to in the passage as evidence of women’s diminishing social status in Victorian England EXCEPT_____.

A. the influence of the queen

B. the absence of financial records documenting women’s activity

C. the disparity between men's and women’s career opportunities

D. the exclusion of women's initials from trade tokens

9. Which statement about British society, if true, would most directly support the view described in Paragraph 2?

A. 17th-century women workers could raise their status by assuming greater responsibilities.

B. In the 17th century, formal academic institutions were closed to women

C. Women and girls worked in factories throughout the 19th century.

D. The practice of married couples jointly running businesses died out in the early 19th century.

10. Which of the following is the general tone of the passage?

A. Personal regret.

B. Analytical detachment.

C. Righteous indignation.

D.Open hostility.