Part 1 Vocabulary

Directions: Choose the answer that can best complete the sentence.

1. Although _____ may reject the role of the open immigration policy as culturally beneficial, others think that refusing to acknowledge the benefits of diversity is counterproductive.

A. xenophobes

B. xenophobia

C. xenophobic

D. xenophone

2. His mother was a religious _____ who didn’t allow him to play with other children.

A. frantic

B. fanatic

C. pessimistic

D. mimic

3. Recent research in linguistics suggests that some language skills are not _____ skills, but are passed down through our genetic code.

A. learned

B. hereditary

C. instinct

D. acquired

4. It is often difficult for parents to safeguard their children from danger while still _____ an attitude of openness and curiosity throughout childhood.

A. preventing

B. fostering

C. rejecting

D. embodying

5. Amateur bicyclists who _____ to race competitively at a professional level, but who are devoid of the mental skill the sport requires, will eventually discover that they are only half-prepared.

A. long

B. thrive

C. aspire

D. boost

6. The professor argued that every grassroots movement needs a(n) _____ declaration of motives, there can be no cohesive organization.

A. assumption

B. pamphlet

C. motive

D. manifesto

7. For new employment seekers, many experienced job counselors suggest _____, varying the jobs applied for in order to increase their chances of success.

A. regulating

B. diversifying

C. calculating

D. inverting

8. Their trip to the area has _____ their belief that no plan whatsoever is better or worse than the one they have made.

E. affected

F. influenced

G. established

H. assured

9. Twailer’s lecture was careful and _____, but his words did not seem to make much sense.

A. distinct

B. distinguishable

C. distinctive

D. distinguished

10. The problems of the company were so _____ and confusing that no one fully understood them all.

A. intricate

B. tangible

C. intelligible

D. tenurable

Part II Correctness and Effectiveness of Expression

Directions: Choose the answer that can replace the underlined part.

1. This group of artists, masters of the short brush stroke developed by the Impressionists in the 19th century, did not believe in selling works of art; however, some giving paintings away.

A. giving some paintings away

B. paintings were given away by some of them

C. some having given paintings away

D. some gave paintings away

2. When the waitress told me I could have my choice of vanilla, chocolate, or pistachio ice cream, I selected the former even though I usually prefer the latter.

A. the first even though I usually prefer the last

B. the first even though I usually prefer the latter

C. the former even though I usually prefer the last

D. the former even though it is the latter I usually prefer

3. Colleagues of the world-famous diva have called her at once daunting because of her temperament but her talent is nonetheless an inspiration.

A. although she is inspiringly talented

B. while being so talented as to inspire them

C. and inspiring because of her talent

D. but being so talented as to inspire them nonetheless

4. The brochure for the writing camp promises that by the time you leave the camp, you 4. The brochure for the writing camp promises that by the time you leave the camp, you complete an entire manuscript.

A. would complete an entire manuscript

B. will have completed an entire manuscript

C. have completed an entire manuscript

D. had completed an entire manuscript

5. So complicated international trade today isthat consumers who use a product are seldom aware of where all its components come from.

A. today trade is international

B. today international trade is

C. international trade is today

D. is international trade today

Part III Reading Comprehension

Directions: Read the following two passages and choose the answer that can best answer the question.

Passage 1

Get ready for the second act of the grand drama we call globalization. The 1980s opened with a massive manufacturing migration from industrialized countries to the Third World that accelerates to this day. This decade is witnessing a second huge shift, this time in services, with white-collar professional jobs following the same blue-collar migratory routes to Asia and elsewhere.

We believe that the latest iteration in the evolution of the global economy will generate more growth for everyone over time as countries focus their abilities on doing what they do best. But the adjustment may well be painful for those middle-class Americans and Europeans who see their jobs in software writing, chip design, architecture, and accounting move to India, China, Israel, Russia and the Philippines. If the migration of services is not mediated by good growth-promoting government policy, there is a serious risk that anti-globalization forces will gain an army of jobless white-collar recruits.

The dimensions of the service shift are only just beginning to come into focus. We can discern the trend but not the strength or size of the move. The collapse of the tech bubble and the weak recovery are leading a growing number of U.S. bank, insurance, credit card, accounting, investment banking, high-tech, engineering and design companies to outsource white-collar work.

This is likely to prove to be more than just a cyclical phenomenon. The Internet, digitization, the spread of white-collar skills abroad and the big cost savings of outsourcing will probably make the shift of services a permanent feature of economic life. The good news is that flinging off of commodity-like service work will increase the profits and efficiency of American corporations and set the stage for the next big growth-generating breakthrough. Innovation is the driving force of the U.S. economy, not mass production of low-value goods or services. The painful loss of manufacturing in the 1970s and 1980s paved the way to the high-tech gains of the 1990s. The same forces are at work today.

For their part, India, China, and other countries are gaining large numbers of well-paying jobs, expanding the middle class, and reducing poverty. As a result, China is emerging as a locomotive to world growth. American exports to China in November 2003 were up 30% year-over-year at an annual rate of 24 billion dollars, matching what the U.S. exports to France.

The U.S. must act without hesitation. It should do what it has done in the past—move up the value-added ladder to create new products and services. That means promoting better education, completing the job of reforming the capital market, and reducing business and investor risk at home and abroad. If it can restart the growth engine, the U.S. has nothing to fear from the great white- collar migration. If it doesn’t, there maybe serious trouble ahead.

Passage 2

Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in 18th-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the rapid increase of provincial theaters, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?

An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of 18th-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the sudden attacks of capitalist consumerism in general. For example, laboring people in 18th-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.

To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “middling sort” bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.

Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.

1. Globalization of the current decade proves to be _____.

A. a dramatic event resulting in serious economic problems

B. a massive transfer of manual workers from West to East

C. identical to the previous movement in scale and value

D. sending upscale jobs off the highly-developed countries

2. According to the passage, which one of the following is the possible result of the white-collar migration?

A. Forceful intervention by the government.

B. Great advances in information technology.

C. Sufferings for U.S. technical professionals.

D. Rapid progress in manufacturing industry.

3. As a result of the collapse of the tech bubble, many countries are _____.

A. undermining the healthy basis of employment

B. exhausting the sources of service-job supply

C. exporting well-trained and experienced workers

D. shifting well-paying jobs to the developing countries

4. In which aspect will the move of services be beneficial to developed countries?

A. Driving corporations to pursue the biggest profits.

B. Making conditions ready for new breakthrough.

C. Preventing the production of low-value goods.

D. Throwing off the heavy burden of service duties.

5. To solve the problems caused by service shift, _____.

A. financial firms are to escape investment risks

B. the middle class must receive further education

C. the U.S. should act as it did during the last shift

D. developed countries have to check their exports

6. In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably to _____.

A. compare their interest in luxury goods and in luxury services

B. confirm key questions about 18th-century England consumerism

C. exemplify historians who have proved the growing consumerism in 18th-century England

D. contrast their views on luxury consumerism in 18th-century England

7. Which of the following items, if preserved from 18th-century England, would provide an example of the kind of documents mentioned in Paragraph 2?

A. A bargain stricken between a manufacturer and a consumer.

B. A theater ticket stamped with the date and name of a particular play.

C. A payroll record from a company that produced luxury goods.

D. A diary that mentions luxury goods and services purchased by its author.

8. According to the passage, Thompson attributes to laboring people in 18th-century England which of the following attitudes toward capitalist consumerism?

A. Hostility.

B. Enthusiasm.

C. Stubbornness.

D. Curiosity.

9. According to the passage, a Veblen model of conspicuous consumption has been used to _____.

A. explain the motivation of 18th-century consumers to buy luxury goods

B. investigate the extent of the demand for luxury goods among social classes in 18th-century England

C. classify the kinds of luxury goods desired by 18th-century consumers

D. compare luxury consumerism in 18th-century England with such consumerism in the 20th century

10. Which title best expresses the main idea of this passage?

A. The Impacts of Consumer Demand for Luxury Goods and Services in the 18th Century.

B. A Comment on Historians?Study on Rising Demand for Luxuries in 18th-century England.

C. The Ever-increasing Demand for Luxuries in 18th-century England.

D. Consumers? Demand for Luxuries in the 18th Century and Their Motives.